Dissertation project

Summary

Whereas many writers across all times and cultures have written about the potential aesthetic effects of music experiences which could be labeled as absorption, only limited empirical research has been done on the state aspects of this fascinating aspect of human involvement. What is more, there are still few tested models which explain how people can be absorbed by a piece of music as well as continue to be third-person observers monitoring and even reflecting on that same musical experience (cf. Bryant & Veroff, 2007; Dewey, 2005; Wolf, 2013).

Adopting a dual process approach (Dietrich, 2004; Evans & Stanovich, 2013; Lewis, Tamborini & Weber, 2014; Mukhopadhyay, 2014; Schwarz, 2011; Smith & Neumann, 2005) – in which human thinking, emotion, and routes to appraisal are defined in terms of an interplay between two distinct systems of psychological processing – this thesis aimed to examine:

a) The cognitive mechanisms underlying the essential yet poorly understood paradox of losing oneself in the music on the one hand, and the act of meta-awareness (i.e., rational and controlled sense of self) on the other

b) Its corresponding psycho-phenomenological profile(s) when listening intentionally to self-chosen music

c) The different potential of state and trait aspects of absorption and meta-awareness in predicting three indicators of the aesthetic response to music: enjoyment (a purely pleasurable response), lasting impression (a meaningful response related to mixed emotion), and behavioral intention (future-planned seeking/ avoidance response)

d) A questionnaire commonly-used for assessing alterations in consciousness (Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory; Pekala, 1991) was evaluated in the context of music listening, before using it in the development of a self-report questionnaire aimed at measuring absorptive states in or by music

To this end, a series of online surveys was employed, using self-selected music as well as pre-determined music by the researcher as stimulus, approaching a naturalistic listening setting. Situated within an overarching model for music engagement and consistent with several aesthetic theories (Benson, 1993; Dewey, 2005; Wolf, 2013), aesthetic absorption was conceptualized as the resultant of experiential and meta-awareness or – in terms of dual process terminology – intuitive type I and reflective type II processing. Moreover, absorption is understood as being a temporary phase amidst a variety of other cognitive responses to music, including concentration, mind wandering, and mindfulness.

Two forms of music absorption were empirically identified and labeled as zoning in and tuning in (cf. Schooler, 2007). These experience profiles distinguished themselves significantly in terms of the degree in which a music listener maintained his or her meta-awareness, assessed via volitional control, rationality, self-awareness, and memory of the previous event. The overall pattern of consciousness parameters of both types of absorbed listening are suggestive of a unique interchanging between networks for intuitive processing and networks related to self-reference, self-awareness and volitional control. The distinction between zoning in and tuning in was further found to be strongly related to the quality of affective state (i.e., positive vs. mixed emotions). These emotions modulate the experiential intensity of absorption, suggesting this experience to be an affect-biased type of attention. Based on the feelings-as-information theory (Schwarz, 2011), postulating that positive emotions (e.g., happiness) are differently processed than negatively-tinted types of emotions (e.g., nostalgia), it was concluded that music-induced rumination (a negatively-valenced experience related to the self and represented by the feeling of sadness) ‘competes’ with higher-order functions relevant to meta-awareness. From this perspective, the two found absorption types match conceptually with the positively-tinged self-reflection and negatively-tinged self-rumination as two different types of self-focused introspection (Takano & Tanno, 2009; Trapnell & Campbell, 1999).

Further examining the construct’s latent structure, it was shown that being absorbed by music is a continuous phenomenon; a matter of ‘more-or-less’ involvement rather than a ‘unique state of mind’. This finding cautions against subtyping absorption experiences as being qualitatively distinct, and assuming it to be guided by ‘special’ mechanisms. Consequently, determining ‘music absorbers’ is a matter of imprecise estimation rather than being marked by a clear observable onset.

Finally, as expected, an absorbed state of mind completely mediated the effect of trait absorption, and was a good predictor for enjoyment, lasting impression, and behavioral intention. Whereas absorption and enjoyment were found to have a mutual positive effect on each other, absorption and meta-awareness were found to be unrelated to each other. Also, meta-awareness contributed little to aesthetic appreciation. The results confirm the need for a dynamic approach to the relationship between state absorption and enjoyment; the one-directional approach common in many research reports does not seem to fully capture the relationship between them. Future research should examine whether the same applies for absorption and meta-awareness, preferably making use of more advanced measures for the latter.

Taken together, this dissertation shows the potential of including the interplay between the trait and state constructs of absorption and meta-awareness in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying aesthetic experiences with music. The present work demonstrated that these two constructs should not be conflated, but, in terms of dual processing, that they represent different levels of consciousness. Moreover, this thesis underlined the power of absorption not only to evoke short-lived pleasurable experiences, but also to stimulate long-lasting impressions. Knowing more about absorbed listening and its potential effects, learning to consciously recognize it as it happens, and perhaps regulate and maintain its positive consequences (i.e., savoring), could further improve the way we engage ourselves with music or other aesthetic objects. Only then could we engage in behavior that we’re sure would make us happy rather than seeking out experiences which we hope would make us happy. Finally, dual process approach and measures provided by research on altered-states-of-consciousness (ASC) experiences offer new and fruitful perspectives to conceptualize aesthetic absorption and examine its mechanisms. Several major research questions lie ahead in understanding the phenomenological experience and aesthetic role of absorption, including the future comparison between subjective experiences of ASCs across varying music and non-music induction methods (e.g., hypnosis), listening conditions (e.g., live concert experience), and musical ‘cultures’ (human societies, musical styles, classes).

For the summary in German, go to: http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/47549